• GETTING TOGETHER TO FIGHT CRIME
• MAKING CHILDREN, FAMILIES, & CCOMMUNITIES SAFER FROM VIOLENCE
• DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - THE HIDDEN CRIME
• GRAFFITI – OFTEN THE FIRST SIGN OF TROUBLE

Something may be wrong in your neighborhood. There's too much violence, or there's an ever-present threat. Perhaps a child you know was robbed. Maybe you've seen signs of drug dealing. Maybe a string of break-ins has you wondering what's coming next. You're uneasy -- even frightened -- for yourself and your family. Perhaps nothing violent has happened, but you see warning signs -- such as graffiti, vandalism, abandoned cars, loitering, litter -- that crime and violence may be reaching your neighborhood soon.

You can change things by getting together with neighbors who share your worries. There are two things you need to do: look out for your families and yourselves, and get involved in your community.

People just like you have cleared drug dealing out of their neighborhoods, made parks safe for children and sidewalks secure for play, curbed assaults, reduced muggings, eliminated rapes and murders, wiped out graffiti and vandalism, started programs for teens.

What Kind of Neighborhood?

The neighborhood may be a development of single homes, a row of townhouses, a commercial corridor, an apartment complex, or even a school. Crime may be right there scaring everyone off the streets, or just looming on the horizon. Whatever your neighborhood's like, getting together to fight crime, violence, and drugs can help create communities where children can be children and people once isolated by crime and fear can enjoy being a part of a thriving neighborhood.

Things May Look Fine, But...

Whether it's a quiet neighborhood where teens haven't much to do, or a rural town that's been stable, even communities that seem calm can be facing a crime threat. Things may be OK now, but how do you keep them that way?

Everyone can see the early warning signals -- the little worries that alert you to the need to prevent bigger problems. The trick is to swing into action at the first sign of trouble, not to wait until it comes to your front door. Abandoned autos, people loitering, vacant homes, graffiti, a rash of break-ins, or other signs of possible trouble should be a clue to act now. Acting right away on small problems can prevent big ones later.

It's Too Rough for Me To Get Involved

Maybe crime has a strong grip in your neighborhood -- street violence, muggings, drug dealing, shootings. People see the situation as out of hand. Some people are scared that the criminals will take revenge if they act.

There are at least three ways to counter fear. First, join together. There is strength in numbers. Most criminals attack victims who are alone -- not in groups. And groups can rally, march, and hold vigils to demonstrate their commitment. Second, you can work with the police to set up a system that lets people remain anonymous and still report crimes. Third, you don't have to meet where the problem is. In one neighborhood, people met several blocks away at a local church. No one felt singled out, and everyone gained as crime was slowly but surely driven out.

Start Something!

First, find out what's already going on. Groups that are already working against crime and drugs will welcome and help you. Ask the local police, especially the crime prevention staff; check with community associations and civic groups as well as clubs.

Is there an existing group that ought to be involved in preventing crime? A home-school organization like PTA; a tenants' group; a fraternity or sorority; a community service club such as Lions, Rotary, or JayCees; a social club; a church; a mental health association; a taxpayers' or homeowners' association -- these are just some kinds of groups that can be a base for action.

No group ready to adopt crime prevention? Start a group in your neighborhood -- even if it's just on your block. You don't have to be the leader, but you could organize the first meeting.

Getting Neighbors Together

You've already talked with some neighbors -- at the grocery store, on the sidewalk, over the back fence, at the bus stop, across the kitchen table. You know people are unhappy about the way things are, that they'd like to see something done.

The next step -- make that discussion a bit more purposeful and organized. Set up a meeting to decide how you want to change things. Here are some tips for that first session.

- Be sure it doesn't conflict with other important events.
- Make sure there is enough room at the meeting place for everyone to be comfortably seated. Not enough room at a home in the neighborhood? Maybe a church basement, a school classroom, or a business or community meeting room is available.
- Plan to keep the meeting fairly brief -- less than two hours is probably good. Have an agenda prepared for the group's approval.
- Invite people in person, by phone, by flier -- whatever's most appropriate. Knock on doors, send notes, or make phone calls to remind them.
- Invite schools, businesses, and houses of worship to send representatives. Ask local officials -- law enforcement, elected officials, social services, others -- to send someone who can explain how they can help.
- Share the work so that people work together from the start. One person can organize refreshments; another can be in charge of reminder calls. Someone else can set up the room. Someone can take notes and write up your group's decisions. Another neighbor can be the "researcher," gathering information in advance. Another can lead the discussion.
- Allow people to share their concerns. You'll be surprised how much you all have in common. But don't get caught in a gripe session.
- Remember, you're there as a group to decide what problems you'll tackle and what actions you'll take, not just to talk. Everyone should have a chance to take part, but be sure the group makes some clear decisions.
Your group should consider surveying neighbors, either in person or by phone, to get a better idea of the range of their problems and concerns.
- Don't plan to tackle every problem at once. The group should identify one or two issues that need immediate action -- but keep track of (and get back to) other problems. For instance, parents and youth may need drug prevention education, but the more immediate problem might be closing down drug sales in the neighborhood.
List next steps and who will take them. Try to get everyone to commit to helping with your plan. Agree on the next time, date, and place for a meeting and the subjects that should be covered.
- Unsure about how to run a meeting? Talk to a member of the clergy, a local civic leader, a business person, the League of Women Voters, or the Chamber of Commerce. One of them will be glad to share experiences in making meetings effective.

Everyone Can Do Something

As you get under way, it's important to enlist the help of as many people as possible from your community. There's something each person can do to help. Anyone can hand out educational brochures. Young children can pick up litter or learn to settle arguments without fighting; older youth can teach younger ones about preventing violence or organize positive activities like concerts that can replace drug traffic in a nearby park. Caring adults can help troubled youth; families can help each other. Business people can help manage programs and raise funds; civic activists can round up local agencies to meet needs like recreation, housing, or education. Many things help cause crime, violence, and drug abuse problems in a community; many kinds of activity will help to end the problems. Some may be more direct than others, but all will help.

Anyone -- and everyone -- can take the most basic actions, like reporting suspicious behavior or crimes in progress to the police. Whatever the contribution of time, energy, talent, and resources -- small or large -- it will help.

Getting Organized To Get Results

Your group has gotten together. You've picked a problem to work on that's important to many of you. Maybe it's keeping children safe going to and from school. Perhaps you want to do something to stop fights that keep breaking out among youth. Maybe you've decided to try to close a drug house. Everyone's agreed to take a part in the work. You're ready to act.

Agree on what to do about the problem, picking one or two approaches or strategies at most. Ideas from existing programs may help. Neighborhood Watch, for instance, can reduce burglaries and help keep a lookout for suspicious activity. It can also be the base for other programs. The McGruff House (block parent) program is one way to build a neighborhood network to protect kids.

Decide whose help you'll need or want. How will you approach these people for assistance? What do you want them to do? Think about contacting police crime prevention specialists, who have lots of ideas and expertise.
Child protection agencies, drug prevention organizations, community development offices, public health offices, the local library, and many others can lend a hand. Enlist these groups early -- if they help in identifying problems and developing solutions, they'll be more committed to getting the job done. What you really want is to build partnerships.

Sometimes the solution comes from the problem. What if everyone's concerned about the teenagers "hanging out" at the corner? Ask the teens what they'd rather be doing instead. Ask them to help plan ways to do those better things. Check with after-school programs, local youth clubs, and similar resources to see if they can join in your creative problem-solving.

Agree on who will take what roles, how tasks will get done, and how you will coordinate efforts. Build in some checkpoints to be sure all is going well or can be fixed or changed as needed.
Some Ideas From the Experienced

Here are some things that people have found important in carrying out activities.

- Keep it simple: If you want to get rid of graffiti, why not just paint over it (with the owner's OK)? Sometimes the quickest and most obvious route is the best.
Invite everyone to get into the act: People will do things if they're asked, and the more people you recruit, the more come along as volunteers.
- Follow through: If you promised to discuss a problem at the next meeting, do so. If you announce a rally, hold it. If an official promises action or a report, keep asking for it, and go higher up if necessary.
Start with success: A small success -- a goal that's quickly reachable -- can boost enthusiasm, confidence, and willingness to tackle tougher tasks that take more time. One example of a short-term goal: hold one well-attended anti-violence rally. Success builds group confidence and attracts new members. Everybody wants to work with a winner.
- Say thanks: Congratulate each other for progress, even if only with a round of applause. Taking before and after pictures can help you appreciate the difference your hard work has made. Acknowledge officials, agencies, and groups that have pitched in.
- Build leaders: "Volunteer leader" should not be a life sentence. It's bad for the group and the leaders. If people think one leader always controls everything, they may not join. And leaders get tired. Divide up the work. Make sure all leaders get praise and recognition. This way, you help train new leaders and make use of everyone's talents.
Be flexible: Hold meetings when and where people can attend -- weekends instead of week nights, at church instead of someone's home, during the day rather than in the evening if many people work shifts or if seniors are involved.
- Build links: Work on common concerns with government and other agencies, establishing a positive climate of trust which can lead to strong partnerships to help your neighborhood.
- Keep in touch clearly, often, and in different ways: You may get so busy that you forget to let others know what's going on. Suddenly fewer people come to meetings; there aren't as many volunteers. A newsletter, fliers on special events, news releases to local media, a telephone network of members -- these all help keep everyone interested and informed. And accurate information helps reduce fear.
- Check on where you are: Your real goal may get overlooked in the bustle of "doing something." You may stick with a goal only to find out it's outdated. You can reduce these risks by setting up some checkpoints. Decide in advance how you'll know if you're headed in the right direction. What changes should you expect? If you're not on target, rethink either the goal or the activity. Your group's energy is too important to waste.

Overcoming Reluctance and Fear

Not everyone will join up. A very few people just don't care; some people don't think they have anything to offer. Some think they can't make a difference. Some think it will take too much of their time. Others are afraid of failing. Some may be afraid of retaliation.

There are ways to overcome these roadblocks. For starters, assume that everyone can, should, and would like to help. Many people will help readily if you ask for a skill you know they have or offer to teach them. Someone who's housebound can watch the neighborhood from a window, reporting suspicious or criminal activity to the police. Challenge the neighborhood gardeners to organize kids to spruce up the vacant lot. Ask a business person to help with planning.

Fear of crime can block participation, deprive you of volunteers, cut into community liveliness, and create unhealthy tension. To conquer fear, the group needs accurate facts (what's true, what's rumor?), a sense of control over the situation (one reason early successes are important), and action by groups rather than individuals (safety in numbers).

You don't have to tackle the scariest problem first. Start where the group is comfortable. If people are afraid to be on the street in the evening, a residents' patrol is probably not a good first move for your group. Working toward better street lighting and arranging free home security surveys by police may be better starting points. And success helps overcome fear, so your next action can be more direct.

Key Partners

Police and sheriffs are where people generally look first for help in preventing crime. It's logical; preventing crime is their primary job. Increasingly, they focus on helping neighborhoods solve problems that interfere with security and well-being, not just responding when trouble's already struck. Police have the facts about the crime situation in your area; they can help you pick effective strategies for prevention. Most police departments have a crime prevention officer, who can help in many ways.

Other government agencies, social service organizations, and community associations can also help. There's often more than one way to get the job done. Nuisance abatement laws, public health regulations, housing codes, fire codes, and building codes all can be used to drive out drug dealers and other criminals. Occupancy permits, liquor licenses, business permits, and vendor licenses can be revoked if a "business" is a hazard to the community. Work with the people in local government who issue the permits and enforce the codes.

Schools, libraries, public transit, housing, public works, recreation, health, social services, and other groups can all help solve neighborhood problems. Enlisting them early can help build stronger relationships and better results, because they see themselves as part of the solution. Besides, these agencies have useful information that can help identify solutions and resources.

Resources To Get the Job Done

Preventing crime doesn't start with spending cash. Four out of five Neighborhood Watches rely on volunteers, but these no-cost (or very low-cost) programs work. Residents say their communities are safer than ones nearby with no Watch.

What if you pick a problem that requires skills or materials that you can't find for free? Take another look. You might be surprised at what's available from your own group. Or you can often trade or borrow to get materials and services you may need -- printing your newsletter, supplying refreshments for a meeting, even designing and analyzing a survey.

If you've chosen a strategy that does require a lot of cash, you'll need to do some research on sources of funding in your community. Locally based foundations and corporations (or local offices of national corporations) frequently have special funds for local groups. Local and state government (and possibly federal agencies) may be sources of funds for your project, through departments of community action, drug prevention, public safety, public housing, neighborhood revitalization, or economic development. Local libraries often have information on funding resources in your community, and special resources such as The Foundation Directory. The Chamber of Commerce, the economic development office, or your congressional representatives may have some excellent suggestions. Such programs as VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) or AmeriCorps may offer "free" staff.

Don't overlook local talent. Work with and learn from groups from other neighborhoods, community-wide groups, special focus groups, and agencies that work on these issues. A ministers' alliance, a mental health association, a civic club (such as Exchange Club, Kiwanis, League of Women Voters, or JayCees), a veterans' group, or a school might be glad to help.

Think creatively about solutions, based on resources. If your neighborhood worries about latchkey kids, talk with libraries that offer children's programs or discuss setting up special schedules with local schools; check with recreation directors about attractive programs; set up a warmline with friendly teens or adults whom kids can just talk with; investigate daycare programs that might offer a group discount.

Celebrate!

Part of the reason for all your hard work was to create a neighborhood you all could enjoy. Remember? Give each other rounds of applause. Take time for a picnic or block party; recognize achievements with certificates or ribbons to your volunteers and to outsiders who helped. Buy "team" T-shirts. Use your newsletter to say "thanks" in public to policymakers, funders, and others who've helped. Celebrate the small victories. Each success builds the strength and commitment of your group.

Celebrate all kinds of good news -- kids' poster contests, a new youth center that offers positive choices, a park now buzzing with honest activity, any sign of progress. Don't forget to tell the local news media. Publicity -- local newspaper stories, radio reports, TV news clips -- can help spread the word about your success, attract new members, and build your group's credibility with partners and funders.

Celebrations not only are fun; they give you the chance to step back, realize how far you've come, and revitalize the whole group for the work ahead. Plan for them, learn from them, enjoy them.

See More Suggestions in the NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH section.

It's time to stop the violence that is killing our children and our communities. It's time to help each other build neighborhoods where each of us kids, teens, adults can feel safe and secure from crime. A tough task? Yes, but it's a challenge that each of us can do something about. We can reclaim our communities child by child, family by family, neighborhood by neighborhood. This booklet explains some of the many ways you can help. You can do a lot in your home, in your neighborhood, and throughout your community.

Why accept this challenge? Because every child deserves a safe and healthy childhood. Because no community can afford the costs of violence. Because a healthier, safer community benefits each of us. Because failing to act costs lives and resources. Because our children should not have to raise their children amid violence. Because if we don't stop it, no one will.

It's everyone's business

Violence holds victims, families, friends, and neighborhoods hostage. It rips communities apart or prevents them from coming together. Violence takes many forms. Assaults, rapes, robberies, and homicides are directly violent, but crimes like burglary are often cloaked in violence and cause sometimes-paralyzing fear.

Violence is not just about attacks by strangers. In about half the rapes in this country, the rapist knew the victim. In more than half the murders, the murderer and victim knew each other. Assaults are more likely between people who know each other than between strangers. Domestic violence wrenches apart millions of families each year. Child abuse, overwhelmingly involving someone close to the child, hurts more than a million children a year. Only robberies more commonly involve strangers than acquaintances.

Weapons are part of the problem. They make violence more deadly and less personal. Nine out of ten murders involve a weapon; eight of ten involve a firearm. Most robberies involve the use of a weapon, most frequently a gun. One in five children has reported taking a weapon of some kind to school, most often for self-protection against others whom they believe have weapons.

But weapons are only part of the story. Attitudes, emotions, and reactions are just as important. Without working on all aspects of the issue, you can make only limited progress.

Why go beyond protecting yourself and your family? Because violence penetrates schools, workplaces, and public spaces. It sucks the life out of communities everywhere.

Even if you're safe from harm, violence still robs you. The costs of violence are enormous. The annual cost of caring for gunshot victims is more than $14 billion. The costs of private security measures, including those against violence, is estimated at $65 billion a year. Violent crime is responsible for much of the $90 billion a year it costs to run our criminal justice system.

Can we stop violence? Yes. Strictly enforced policies against weapons in schools have helped restore a sense of calm in many classrooms. Conflict management courses have taught elementary school children to fight less and negotiate more. Concerted community efforts have reduced or prevented gangs and the violence they bring.

But these things only happened because someone did something.

What you can do

Work with your family, in your neighborhood, and in your community. Pick a place to start where you are comfortable.

Recognize that violence has many causes. Some are immediate—a specific argument, easy availability of a weapon, a situation in which an aggressor thinks violence will bring quick rewards, an anger that sees no other outlet. Some are less direct for example, a community tolerance of high violence levels, reinforced by news and entertainment media. Some are individual inability to see another way to settle disagreements, for instance. Some involve situations such as peer pressure that measures or boosts self-esteem through violence.

No one needs to confront all these aspects of violence at once. The point is, there's something everyone can do.

The police department has agreed to strengthen investigation and prosecution of those suspected of selling guns illegally to youth; to investigate and help prosecute youth who illegally possess handguns; to support the youth and adult education programs; to build parent and community awareness of youth violence; and to dedicate extra prevention and enforcement efforts in parts of the city where levels of youth gun violence are high.

Washington State University has researched the violence issue on behalf of the partners and identified interventions and alternatives to violence that have proved effective elsewhere. Its findings supported the partners' approach of using multiple strategies including school-based curriculum, outreach to parents, a media campaign, and firearms regulation and enforcement with hard evidence.

By investing time in recruiting partner organizations, identifying local conditions and needs, researching effective approaches, and designing activities that invest partners and enlist even more members of the community younger and older Seattle has launched a thoughtful, tailored, flexible initiative to address a difficult problem.

Making self and family safer from violence is, for most of us, the highest priority. Work with your own children, with other kids you care about, and with teens and adults you care about to reduce the risk that you or someone you love will fall victim to violence.

Think long and hard about having weapons, especially firearms, in your home. Studies show that a firearm in the home is more than forty times as likely to hurt or kill a family member as to stop a crime. A gun in the home increases the likelihood of homicide three times and the likelihood of suicide five times. More than a quarter of a million firearms are stolen and possibly used in other crimes every year.

If you do keep a firearm in your home, ensure that you are trained and that everyone else—adult and child—is fully trained in firearms safety. Refresh that training at least once a year.

Make certain that the weapon is safely stored, unloaded, trigger-locked, and in a locked gun case or pistol box, with ammunition separately locked and with different keys for all locks. Store keys out of reach of children, in locations away from weapons and ammunition.

Check frequently to make sure that storage is secure. Follow all federal, state, and local laws about storage, registration, carrying, and use.

Start early.
Even very young children can learn not to hit, kick, or bite. Discipline without threatening violence. "Time outs," removal of privileges, restrictions, and similar penalties are successful, violence-free strategies that many parents have used, even with preschoolers.

Use the world around you.
As children get older, help them learn to think about the real consequences of violent events and entertainment. Ask how else a conflict might have been settled, what the angry person might have done instead, what unseen or unspoken consequences violence might have.

Listen carefully, openly, and constructively.
Letting children lay out their thoughts about violence helps them learn how to think through this and other issues.

Sometimes it's difficult for adults to know how to react when children approach them about a real or possible danger. You may be a neighbor, an aunt or uncle, or a grown-up who happens to be nearby. Suddenly a child comes to tell you something's wrong.

How can you handle it helpfully?

Listen carefully.
The child may be excited, nervous, or scared. Repeat what you've heard to make sure you understand clearly. Kneel down if necessary to communicate at the child's height.

Take it seriously.
Children don't casually ask for help out of the blue. Even if it's not a serious problem to you, it probably is from the child's view.

Act promptly.
If the child has found a weapon or a possible weapon or describes some other immediate danger; go to the scene at once, if you're not putting yourself at risk.

Get help if necessary.
Call police if you find a weapon, even if it might be a toy. Call other professionals (such as fire department, child protection services, public works department) if the situation warrants. If it turns out to be a "false alarm," reassure the child that telling a grown-up was a smart thing to do.

Make sure that your children know what to do if they ever find a firearm or something that might be a weapon stop, don't touch, get away, and tell a trusted adult.

Teach your children ways to handle conflicts and problems without using force. Act as a role model for them. Handle disagreements with other adults, including those close to you, in nonviolent ways. You can learn more by checking with your library, a school counselor, the pediatrician, mental health association, or neighborhood dispute resolution center.

Discourage name-calling and teasing. These can easily get out of hand, moving all too quickly from "just words" to fists, knives, and even firearms. Teach children that bullying is wrong; help them learn to say "no" to bullies and to get adult help with the situation if need be. Remember that words can hurt as much as a fist.

Take a hard look at what you, your family, and your friends watch and listen to for entertainment—from action movies to cop shows, from soap operas to situation comedies, from video games to music lyrics. What values are they teaching? Do they make violence appear exciting, humorous, or glamorous? How do characters solve problems? Are the real-life consequences of violence clear? Watch TV with your children; talk about how violence is handled in shows and what each of you did and didn't like. Set clear limits on viewing and provide active, positive alternatives for free time.

Teach children basic strategies for personal safety to prevent violence and reduce their risk of victimization.

Help them learn and practice common courtesies. "Please," "thank you," "excuse me," and "I'm sorry" help ease tensions that can lead to violence.

Emphasize the importance of being drug free. Research shows use of alcohol and other drugs is closely linked with violence, including the use of guns and other weapons.

Encourage children to stick with friends who steer clear of violence and drugs. Make your home a comfortable place for these kids to gather; help them find positive, enjoyable things to do.

Remind children of simple self-protection rules not to go anywhere with someone they (and you) don't know and trust; how and when to respond to phone calls and visitors if you are unavailable, how to deal with adults (or other children) who approach or touch them inappropriately, what are safe routes to favorite neighborhood destinations.

Rehearse what to do in urgent situations, like finding a weapon or being approached inappropriately by a stranger or seeing something wrong happen.

Help your children to both learn and practice ways to keep arguments from becoming violent.

Young people in Oakland and Los Angeles, California, realized that they could be a powerful force to educate their peers about the costs of gun violence, ways to prevent it, and how to spread the word that gun violence is not cool. Teens on Target, all of whose members have been touched by firearms violence, train others their age and younger in preventing firearms violence, work on promoting positive alternatives and opportunities, and educate adults in the community about what they believe is required to reduce firearms deaths and injuries. "Our solution," one youth explained, "is to give opportunities to young people so they won't even want to use guns." Speaking from personal experience, these teens bring zeal and commitment to their task and credibility to their messages. They reach and teach thousands of youth and adults annually. The program gets support from a statewide anti-violence agency, YOUTH ALIVE!

Encourage young people to tackle the problem. Urge them to find out:

• how they can learn simple strategies to prevent crime against themselves and their friends;
• how groups can settle disagreements without using fists or weapons; and
• what drug-free, alcohol-free positive activities are available for teens and how these can be improved to attract even more young people.
  Building a safer neighborhood

We and our families cannot be safe if our neighborhoods are riddled with violence. Research shows that there's less crime where communities are working together. Help your neighborhood become or stay healthy.

Get to know your neighbors. You can't do it alone.

Start, join, or reactivate a Neighborhood Watch or Block Watch. Include discussions of ways neighbors can watch out for situations that might involve children in or threaten them with violence. Consider starting a formal block parent program such as McGruff House so that children will have reliable, recognizable places to go in the neighborhood, if they feel threatened, bullied, or scared.

Talk with other adults in the neighborhood about how fights among children should be handled. Who should step in? How? Under what conditions? Make sure children in the neighborhood know that adults are prepared to help stop any form of violence.

Share information on basic child protection from this booklet or other good sources. Help each other learn about signs of drug abuse and gangs, along with where to go for help in your community to address these problems.

Agree on what a "trusted adult" will do for children in the neighborhood in case of troubling situations—being threatened, finding a gun or drugs, being approached by a stranger.

Get to know and encourage the kids in your neighborhood. Many young people say that carrying weapons gives them a sense of power, a sense you can help them get in far more positive ways.

In Hartford, Connecticut, the city's nine branch libraries have become part of the solution to violence problems. Each branch has taken up the challenge to become a center of positive activity for kids in its neighborhood, including acting as homework centers. No new funds were used—libraries were asked to refocus existing resources to tackle this neighborhood need.

Look for things like overgrown lots, abandoned vehicles or appliances, public play areas blocked form public view, intersections and streets that need lighting or traffic control improvements, unsafe equipment or structures, abandoned buildings, hazards in nearby businesses or commercial areas, and signs of vandalism, especially graffiti.

Talk with children in the neighborhood about what worries or scares them and about where and how they have felt threatened by violence. Interview teachers, school staff, crossing guards, and bus aides. Add these concerns to your list.

Look around to see what happens to kids between 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Are there supervised programs for younger children? Opportunities for teens and preteens to work with children, help retirees, tackle neighborhood problems, get or give help with homework? After-school programs in many areas are located in schools themselves, known most often as Safe Havens or Beacon Schools.

Work with your neighbors; with the police or sheriff's department and other government agencies like parks, transportation, public works, and highways; and with local elected officials to get dangerous conditions corrected. Recheck the neighborhood periodically at least once a year to catch new conditions that need attention.

Start a discussion of neighborhood views on weapons in the home, use of toy weapons by children in play, children and violent entertainment, and how arguments should be settled. Knowing that parents agree on what's acceptable makes it easier to insist on these standards for all children. If some people hold different views, at least be clear about what rules you'll enforce in your home and for your children.

Be sure you know where and how to report potentially violent situations or concerns about conditions in your neighborhood, or about conditions that could lead to violence. Ask your police department especially your community policing officer for help in identifying what to report, when, to whom, and how.

Consider an event that lets children turn in weapons, especially those that might be mistaken for real firearms, in exchange for public thank-yous, donated non-violent toys, books, or coupons from local merchants.

If there's a family facing problems in your neighborhood, reach out in friendship and support. Sometimes people just need to know that they can talk to someone who's concerned. Offer to take on routine chores, to babysit, to provide transportation, or just to listen.

Recognize that it's already your problem if violence is about to erupt in your neighborhood.

Learn about hotlines, crisis centers, and other help available to victims of crime. Find out how you can help those who are touched by violence to recover as quickly and completely as possible.

If you see a crime or something you suspect might be a crime, report it. Agree to testify if needed.

Work to build community standards and expectations that reject violence and other crimes. All kinds of groups—civic clubs, houses of worship, social clubs, the school system, professional associations, employee groups and unions, business groups, and government agencies—can sponsor educations efforts, conduct forums, develop community service messages for media, and create community-wide networks to prevent or reduce violence.

Emphasize prevention as the preferred way to deal with violence. Ask what schools, law enforcement agencies, public health agencies, libraries, workplaces, religious institutions, child protective agencies, and others are doing to prevent, not just react to, violence. What policies do they have to prevent weapons-related violence? How can they help the community?
Make sure that adequate services are available for victims of violence and other crimes including help in following their cases through court, if necessary, and in recovering from physical, emotional, and financial losses.

Enlist those familiar with the costs of violence—parole and probation officers, judges, doctors, emergency room staffs, victims and survivors (especially youth), local and state legislators and chief executives, youth workers, and others—in pushing for prevention strategies and educating the public about their effectiveness. Personal testimony can be powerfully persuasive.

Make sure your community offers ways people can learn about anger management, conflict mediation, and other nonviolent ways to handle problems.

Find out what positive, enjoyable opportunities there are for young people to have fun in your community. What services are there for kids facing problems? What programs help kids of various ages spend the critical 3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. hours (when the largest numbers are without adult supervision) in safe, productive ways?

Establish policies that reduce danger from weapons, especially firearms. Make safe storage of firearms a community expectation, even a law. Ensure that licensing laws are rigorously enforced. Some states and communities have outlawed sale of weapons to those under 18 or 21. Others have imposed age restrictions on permits to carry concealed weapons. In at least one state, conviction of a firearm violation can cost a young driver his or her license.

Work with police to help community residents get rid of unwanted weapons through turn-ins, "amnesty days," and even buy backs. Join forces with other community groups and government agencies to publicize, finance, and staff these events.

Learn your state and local laws on firearms. Insist that these laws be enforced vigorously but fairly. Support police, prosecutors, judges, and other local officials who enforce laws designed to prevent gun violence.

Encourage local and state resources to go toward both prevention and enforcement.

In Oklahoma, parents can be fined if their child brings a weapon to school. In North Carolina, failure to store firearms safely in homes where children are present can result in prosecution and fines. Twenty-one states have enacted laws mandating gun-free school zones and imposing sharply increased penalties for firearms possession or use in such areas. Florida and Maryland are among the states that have set up special statewide organizations to help address school-related violence, including gun use. More than two dozen states have increased judicial or prosecutorial discretion to try youth involved in especially violent offenses as adults.

Make sure that local laws mandate the most secure possible storage of any firearm stored in a private home.

Use Crimestoppers, a similar hotline system, or even 911 to encourage reporting of illegal weapons.

Reach out to educate the whole community about ways to stop or prevent violence. Find out what's going on now and support it. Help start what's needed. Some ideas:

Promote public service advertising that offers anti-violence programs and services. Get several groups to cooperate in this effort. Include programs to help kids headed for trouble.

Develop and distribute widely a directory of community anti-violence programs and services. Get several groups to cooperate in this effort. Include programs to help kids headed for trouble.

Help spread the news about available violence prevention training and programs through gropus you belong to, your workplace, and other local institutions. Invite speakers on violence prevention to talk to your club or organization.

Participate in public forums that allow residents to talk with elected and appointed leaders about violence prevention needs.

Work with business groups and individual businesses to develop workplace violence prevention programs that include employee training, anti-violence procedures, and physical security measures. Have explicit, written policies about possession of firearms in or on the worksite.

Talk with school personnel, juvenile officers, and youth workers to find out the nature and extent of gangs or "wanna-be" groups in your community. Support gang prevention and intervention programs. Volunteer to help keep kids out of gangs.

Work with schools, colleges, employers, civic and social clubs, religious organizations, and professional associations to create the widest possible array of resources to discourage violence. Make sure that services are accessible to those who need them most, consumer-friendly, and confidential if necessary.

Put anti-violence policies in place in your state or community through laws or regulations. Weapons control policies can include ammunition taxes, safe storage laws, ownership restrictions, laws limiting weapons in public places, zoning requirements for firearm sales, and more.

Talk with school administrators about anti-violence policies and particularly about policies to reduce possession of weapons in or near schools. Your community may want to establish gun-free zones around schools or parks.

Urge adoption of anti-violence courses that help children learn ways to manage anger without using fists or weapons. Second Step, from The Committee for children, Resolving Conflict Creatively, from Educators for Social Responsibility, and We Can Work It out!, created through Teens, Crime, and the Community, are only three of many such courses.

Enlist children from elementary grades to senior high in solving the violence problems in the school and community. Encourage them to teach violence prevention to younger children, reach out to educate peers, work with adults on community-wide problems, and identify and tackle community conditions that they are concerned about.

Civic leaders in Mobile, Alabama, concerned about sharp increases in weapons incidents in schools, conducted a campaign in 1992 to educate the community and get weapons out of the hands of kids. "Kid With a Gun? Call 911" used billboards, bumper stickers, news stories, and public transit ads to highlight the consequences of youth handgun possession and remind adults of their responsibility for children's and the community's safety. Law enforcement authorities agreed to respond immediately to any call about a kid in possession of a gun.

ADT Security Systems, Inc., has provided "panic alarms" for women severely threatened by domestic violence. In participating communities, local officials determine those women at greater risk, and ADT places the alarms in the women's homes. Using the alarm immediately summons help to deal with the abuser. Participating women must have court orders of protection and must agree to prosecute the offender to the fullest extent of the law. The AWARE program is free to participating communities.

Protect domestic violence victims (and their children) through policies as well as laws that offer them prompt and meaningful response to calls for help and appropriate legal recourse.

Work with others in your community to develop comprehensive, coordinated plans that direct civic resources to deal with immediate symptoms of violence, help neighborhoods strengthen themselves, and work on problems that cause violence. Enlist all kinds of groups; compare notes to avoid duplicating efforts and to benefit from each other's know-how.

To get a free printed copy of this publication, call 800-WE-PREVENT.

See More Suggestions in the NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH section.

• As many as four million women in this country suffer some kind of violence at the hands of their husbands or boyfriends each year.
  
• Very few will tell anyone - a friend, a relative, a neighbor, or the police.
  
• Victims of domestic violence come from all walks of life, all cultures, all income groups, all ages, all religions. They share feelings of helplessness, isolation, guilt, fear, and shame.
  
  

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Are You Abused?

Does the Person You Love...

Keep track of all of your time?
Constantly accuse you of being unfaithful?
Discourage your relationships with family and friends?
Prevent you from working or attending school?
Criticize you for little things?
Anger easily when drinking or using other drugs?
Control all finances and force you to account in detail for what you spend?
Humiliate you in front of others?
Destroy personal property or sentimental items?
Hit, punch, slap, kick, or bite you or the children?
Use or threaten to use a weapon against you?
Threaten to hurt you or the children?
Force you to have sex against your will?

If you find yourself saying yes to any of these - it's time to get help.

Don't Ignore the Problem

- Talk to someone. Part of the abuser's power comes from secrecy. Victims are often ashamed to let anyone know about intimate family problems. Go to a friend or neighbor, or call a domestic violence hotline to talk to a counselor. - Plan ahead and know what you will do if you're attacked again. If you decide to leave, choose a place to go; set aside some money. Put important papers - marriage license, birth certificates, checkbooks - in a place where you can get them quickly.
- Learn to think independently. Try to plan for the future and set goals for yourself.
- If You Are Hurt, What Can You Do?

There are no easy answers, but there are things you can do to protect yourself.

- Call the police or sheriff. Assault, even by family members, is a crime. The police often have information about shelters and other agencies that help victims of domestic violence.
- Leave, or have someone come and stay with you. Go to a battered women's shelter - call a crisis hotline in your community or a health center to locate a shelter. If you believe that you, and your children, are in danger - leave immediately.
- Get medical attention from your doctor or a hospital emergency room. Ask the staff to photograph your injuries and keep detailed records in case you decide to take legal action.
- Contact your family court for information about a civil protection order that does not involve criminal charges or penalties.

Have You Hurt Someone in Your Family?

- Accept the fact that your violent behavior will destroy your family. Be aware that you break the law when you physically hurt someone.
- Take responsibility for your actions and get help.
- When you feel tension building, get away. Work off the angry energy through a walk, a project, a sport.
- Call a domestic violence hotline or health center and ask about counseling and support groups for people who batter.

The High Costs of Domestic Violence

- Men and women who follow their parents' example and use violence to solve conflicts are teaching the same destructive behavior to their children.
- Jobs can be lost or careers stalled because of injuries, arrests, or harassment.
- Violence may even result in death.

For More Information

Domestic Violence Hotline
800-799-SAFE
This new, nationwide toll-free hotline will provide immediate crisis intervention, counseling and referrals to emergency shelters and services.

National Resource Center on Domestic Violence
800-537-2238
Family Violence Prevention Fund
383 Rhode Island Street, Suite 304
San Francisco, CA 94103-5133
415-252-8900

Many youth gangs use graffiti to make territory, send messages, and intimidate rival gangs and community residents. But graffiti is not just the work of gang members. "Taggers" are young people who are not necessarily gang affiliated but still engage in graffiti vandalism. They are seeking recognition from their peers for their daring. Only 10 percent of graffiti is thought to be gang-related; the remaining 90 percent is done by taggers. Most graffiti vandals are between the ages of 14 and 17, but some are younger. They often tote backpacks in which they carry the tools of their trade – spray paint, paint sticks, etching equipment, and the like.

Whether done by gang members or taggers, the presence of graffiti in a neighborhood can increase resident's fears about their safety and even reduce property values. Its presence can also signify to criminals that resident’s don’t care about their neighborhood. It costs communities thousands of dollars in removal and clean-up.

WHAT CAN YOU DO

• Report all graffiti vandalism to law enforcement. Before you remove graffiti, notify the police department so they can document it with photographs. This helps build cases against these vandals. Most taggers sign their work in the same way and often target the same area.
• Clean-up often has to be done again and again, but patience and persistence pays off.
• If an area you have cleaned up becomes covered in graffiti again, remove it as quickly as possible. The goal is to deny the vandal the chance to display his work. Successful programs remove graffiti within 24 hours.
• If the graffiti is on your property, remove it immediately. If it is on county or state property, law enforcement should be able to help you contact the owners. Your community may even have a graffiti hotline to report vandals. If not, help get one started.
• Landscaping is attractive, natural deterrent to graffiti activity. If an area is continually hit by graffiti, consider planting the area in a way that discourages access.

WHAT THE COMMUNITY CAN DO

• Check out local antigraffiti ordinances that can hold youth, and sometimes their parents, legally accountable for damage and for possession of graffiti implements such as spray paint. If you community doesn’t have an ordinance, help get one on the books.
• Notify property owners of ordinances that require them to keep their property graffiti-free.
• Coat walls with special paint products and surfaces that do not allow spray paints to stick or make them easier to clean up.
• Contact merchants and request that they not sell items that endorse or glorify graffiti, such as t-shirts, posters, or other items that feature graffiti in their design.
• Ask local hardware stores not to sell spray paint to minors. Request that they place spray paint and paint markers in areas where they can monitored by employees.
• Ask utility/power companies to remove graffiti from their property and equipment. Request transportation companies such as bus, metro and train services to do the same.
• Organize a community clean-up. This can be a great community-building activity. Have a block party afterward to celebrate and spend time getting to know one another.

The most effective anti-graffiti initiatives go beyond clean-up.

• Help start a school-based curriculum on gang prevention in local schools. Help teachers incorporate vandalism prevention messages in English , civics, math, and other classes.
• Provide counseling for gang-involved youth and their parents.
• Ask local radio stations to broadcast anti-graffiti public service announcements.
• Work together to provide positive activities for youth in your neighborhood.
• Start a Neighborhood Watch group in your community. Start patrolling the neighborhood for incidents of vandalism and expand your group to encompass activities that improve quality of life for residents.

ENLIST THE HELP OF PARTNERS

• Law enforcement are important partners in the fight against graffiti. They can help you set up hotlines to report vandalism; they can document the damage and arrest the vandals. They often help set up programs to get graffiti removed for people who cannot afford the supplies or don’t have access to the labor.
• To get the supplies you need you can ask local paint stores to donate paint remover, paint, and other supplies.
• Include teens in your clean-up. Teens who are involved in clean-up are less likely to become involved in vandalism.
• Ask local merchants to donate refreshments and even small gifts to give to your volunteers.
• Distribute crime prevention and antigraffiti materials at your clean-up